Philippine Wildlife Essay Essay Example

Philippine Wildlife Essay Paper Introduction The Philippine Wildlife has a important figure of works and animate being species that are autochthonal in the Philippines. The country’s environing Waterss reportedly have the highest degree of biodiversity in the universe. The Philippines is considered as one of the 17 mega diverse states every bit good as planetary biodiversity hot spot. The world’s 2nd largest archipelago state after Indonesia. the Philippines includes more than 7. 100 islands covering 297. 179 km2 in the westernmost Pacific Ocean. The state is one of the few states that. in its entireness. both a hot spot and a mega diverseness state. puting it among the top precedence hot spots for planetary preservation. But want of the woods due to illegal logging. slash-and-burn agriculture. and urbanisation is depriving the Filipino animate beings of their natural home grounds and sanctuaries. Hundreds of old ages ago. most of the Filipino islands were covered in rain wood. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Wildlife Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Wildlife Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Wildlife Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Deforestation. hunting. and a deficiency of wildlife direction has led to the Philippines being described as preservation â€Å"hotspot† . Fewer natural wildlife home ground countries remain each twelvemonth. Furthermore. the home ground that remains has frequently been degraded to the wild countries which existed in the yesteryear. The country’s wildlife is listed as endangered. critically endangered or confronting extinction. Fragile as they are. these fantastic animals need support in the preservation attempt for the environment to guarantee that they will co-exist with us worlds. Wildlife preservation attempts are aimed in several chief countries. These include the creative activity of nature sanctuaries where wildlife can populate protected and free from injury. and where scientific surveies can be conducted to better understand the menaces to assorted species and what solutions are needed to guarantee their endurance. Research workers conducted this research about Philippine wildlife protection because we want to guarantee that nature will be around for future coevalss to bask and to acknowledge the importance of wildlife and wilderness lands to worlds. Many authorities bureaus are dedicated to wildlife preservation. which help to implement policies designed for wildlife protection. There are besides legion independent non-governmental organisations who besides promote assorted wildlife protection causes. Research workers are besides concerned because wildlife preservation has become an progressively of import pattern due to negative human activities on wildlife. Why wildlife preservation is of import? Aside from the fact losing the beauty of our state. Philippines. and destructing different animals. it is of import in order to continue the diverseness of biological life upon our state. Statement of the Problem. This thesis seeks to research the effectivity of the Department of Environment and National Resources ( Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau ) in protecting wildlife. Philippines which is one of the world’s most biologically diverse countries has been described by some environmentalists as being on the border of a major wildlife crisis. However. this biodiversity is under menace. Islands one time covered in undisturbed forest home ground are now under cultivation to feed the demands of the spread outing population. Deforestation. hunting and a deficiency of wildlife direction has led to the Philippines being described as non merely as a preservation ‘hotspot’ – an country of concern – but the ‘hottest of the hotspots’ . This survey shall elaborate on the effectivity of wildlife preservation. its significance. and the importance of wildlife in our ecosystem. In these facets. the research worker seeks to set up an reply to the undermentione d inquiries: 1. Why is it of import to conserve and protect wildlife in the Philippines? 2. How effectual does the organisations in protecting wildlife? 3. What attempts are being taken to protect wildlife? Hypothesis and Premises The attempts exerted by the Department of Environment and Energy Resources- Protected Areas Wildlife Bureau are effectual in protecting and conserving the country’s wildlife. The survey rests on the undermentioned premises: 1. Protecting wildlife is of import to keep ecological ‘balance of nature’ and for economic value. 2. Conservation of wildlife is one of the undertakings that our state works out. The preservation helps to equilibrate the ecosystem in biodiversity. The attempts that exerted in the organisations tend to ease the extinction. 3. Much of the environmental protection that exists today is the direct consequence of the requests and other activities of environmental organisations. 4. The attempts exerted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources are sufficient to protect the wildlife. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The coverage of this survey is about the preservation and protection of Philippine wildlife that is being recently mishandled or misused by worlds due to negative activities. The survey consists of advantage that is being taken to protect or conserve the endangered wildlife in the Philippines. This survey is chiefly focused on the effectivity of attempts that are being taken to protect the Filipino wildlife. The survey does non cover the clime alteration and sustainable utilizations of resources. The survey will include the DENR’s ways to protect Philippine wildlife and how they work. It is focused on the survey of wildlife wherein they care and conserve Philippine wildlife for future coevalss. Significance or Importance of the survey At the decision of this survey. the research workers aim to place the attempts of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in protecting the Filipino wildlife. This survey is of import for the research workers to be more knowing about the Philippine Wildlife and to cognize the effectivity of the attempts of the DENR in protecting the wildlife. It may besides carry some jurisprudence Hatchet mans to stipulate portion of their service such as implementing more Torahs to protect the Filipino Wildlife. This research informs the general populace about the country’s wildlife and assist them recognize that it is of import to conserve our environment. In general. research workers conducted this survey for the benefit of the future coevals. because the preserved wildlife has a large part to peoples’s lives. Definition of Footings Biodiversity – biological diverseness in an environment as indicated by Numberss of different species of workss and animate beings Conservation– the protection. saving. direction. or Restoration of natural environments and the ecological communities that inhabit them Conservationist – a individual who advocates preservation particularly if natural resources Critically endangered species– refers to a species or races that is confronting highly high hazard of extinction in the natural state in the immediate hereafter Ecosystem– a system that includes all life beings ( biotic factors ) in an country every bit good as its physical environment ( abiotic factors ) working together as a unit Endangered Speciess – refers to a species or races that is non critically endangered but whose endurance in the natural state is improbable if the causal factors continue runing Endemic Species – means species or races which is of course happening and found merely within specific countries in the state Exotic Species – means species or races which do non of course occur in the state Extinction – the procedure of extinguishing or cut downing a conditioned response by non reenforcing it Habitat – means a topographic point or environment where a species or races of course occurs or has of course established its population Indigenous– born or endangered in. native to a land or part. particularly before an invasion Indigenous wildlife- means species or races of wildlife of course happening or has of course established population in the state Introduction – means conveying species into the wild that is outside its natural home ground Threatened Species – a general term to denote species or races considered as critically endangered. endangered. vulnerable or other recognized classs of wildlife whose population is at hazard of extinction Vulnerable Species – refers to a species or races that is non critically endangered nor endangered but is under menace from inauspicious factors throughout its scope and is likely to travel to the endangered class in the close future Wildlife – means wild signifiers and assortments of vegetations and zoologies. in all developmental phases. including those which are in imprisonment or are being bred or propagated Chapter 2Review of Related Literature and Surveies This chapter presents assorted foreign and local stuffs associated with the topic of this research. These stuffs assistance in the comprehension and analysis of the Effectiveness of Attempts that being taken to protect the Wildlife in the Philippines. State of the Art The literature and surveies that were reviewed were found to hold bearing on the present survey. They served as bases for the conceptualisation the study’s research job. research design and research methodological analysis. Local Literature Roberto V. Oliva. a Forest Law Enforcement Specialist. stated that the Philippines is one of the 17 mega diverse states in the universe in his book entitled. PHILIPPINE FOREST AND WILDLIFE LAW ENFORCEMENT: Situationer and Core Issues. In this book. Oliva describe that the figure of species in a state is one step of biodiversity. The Philippines has 204 species of mammals. of which 54 % or 111 species are found nowhere else ; 101 species of amphibious vehicles. 78 % of which is endemic ; 258 species of reptilians with 66 % indigenousness ; and 576 species of birds with 34 % or 195 endemic species. On wild vegetations. the state has approximately 14. 000 species stand foring five per centum of the world’s vegetation. These include more than 8. 000 species of blooming workss or flowering plants. 33 species of gymnosperms. 1. 100 species of nonflowering plants. and 1. 271 species of nonvascular plants. Harmonizing to Oliva. there are many more species that remain unknown to scienc e. Per hectare. the Philippines likely holds more diverseness of life than any other state on Earth. He explained that because of the singular diverseness in Philippine biological resources. the state is considered as one of the 18 mega diverseness states in the universe. Unfortunately. with the loss of the country’s forest screen. the home ground of wild zoology has similarly been lost. In his piece of composing he stated that habitat devastation can be attributed to logging. both legal and illegal. excavation and energy undertakings. land usage transition. kaingin. plague and diseases. While habitat devastation is considered as the ground for wildlife loss. other factors include weak institutional and legal mechanisms. domestication and hybridisation. debut of alien species. and overuse for nutrient and trade. In line with this state of affairs. Oliva besides discussed in his book that the authorities is the responsible for tellurian and wildlife protection. The authorities implemented the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147. the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. on July 30. 2001. In the chase of this policy. this Act shall hold the undermentioned aims: ( a ) to conserve and protect wildlife species and their home grounds to advance ecolo gical balance and heighten biological diverseness ; ( B ) to modulate the aggregation and trade of wildlife ; ( degree Celsius ) to prosecute. with due respect to the national involvement. the Filipino committedness to international conventions. protection of wildlife and their home grounds ; and ( vitamin D ) to originate or back up scientific surveies on the preservation of biological diverseness. Harmonizing to Oliva. RA 9147 is a good jurisprudence insofar as it provides for the legal regulation for wildlife protection. However. Oliva explained further that there are issues impeding its effectual execution. It might be caused by deficiency of resources for wildlife protection. deficiency of proficient expertness in the DENR. Wildlife Enforcement Officers and LGUs in the proper designation of wildlife. Absence of institutional agreements with other states to contend the entry and issue of alien wildlife species and in conclusion deficiency of wildlife deliverance centres. In the last portion of the book. he recommended some ways to beef up wildlife protection. Among those recommendations are by puting up all the needed installations and allowing benefits for those who protect the wildlife. His book influenced the head of all the Filipino readers that the authorities is ready to supply everything to protect the wildlife in the state. We can guarantee that if all the Filipino c itizens and authorities or non-government bureaus work as a one squad. we can forestall the extinction between different species and conserve wildlife for the following coevals. Foreign Literature Based from the book of Renee Galang entitled â€Å"A Critical Review of Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines† published in Melbourne. Australia. The country’s Marine biodiversity is every bit dramatic. Harmonizing to his old research the Philippines is considered one of the 17 mega diverseness states which together contain 70 % to 80 % of planetary biodiversity ( Mittermeier et. Al. 1997 ; DENR PAWB et Al. 2002 ) . The Filipino biodiversity therefore has planetary significance. The recent 12th Philippine Biodiversity Symposium titled â€Å"Biodiversity preservation: Learning from the yesteryear. working for the future† in Negros Occidental. Philippines was the best chance to see the current preservation activities in the Philippines. . A sum of 170 participants from the provincial congresswomans and adult females. to foreign and local environmentalists. international and national related foundations. Universities. NGO’s and preservation biological science under-graduate and post-graduate pupils participated. The ambiance was intensely passionate for the preservation cause and the flow of information and networking was friendly. kindred to any collaborative activity of like-minded people. The challenge confronting Filipino environmentalists to brace and/or change by reversal the current grave ecological crisis is prodigious. This is due to the recent recognition that the state is the top of the list of â€Å"mega diverse countries† . â€Å"In relation to the size of its land mass. the Philippines is one of the world’s Centres of biodiversity and endemism† ( WCSP 1997 ) . The state has 529 endemic craniates ( DENR-PAWB et. Al. 2002 ) for which many of the endemic mammals and aviafaunas are in endanger of extinction if the current crisis continues. Heaney ( 1999 ) asserted that â€Å"it is tragic that the biodiversity of the Philippines and the menace of its at hand loss have been discovered simultaneously† . Due to this scenario. Heaney ( 1999 ) concluded that the state is confronting blunt option: either a diminution from the biologically richest topographic point on Earth to environmental desolation. or retrieve from the current coppice with catastrophe to a point of stableness. The diminution of the Philippine wood is chiefly due to the Filipino authorities failure to implement protective policies and the corruptness of former disposals. This is particularly true on the latter half of last century where the wood declined from 50 % in 1950 to less than 20 % at present. of which less than 3 % is primary wood left. As the publication of the Philippine spotted dear it states that by the ego funded countrywide study of Roger C. Cox. 95 % of its natural distribution in 1985 and 1987 is believed to hold kick started the present intense preservation action is the Philippines. The Filipino authorities reacted by go throughing an Executive Order 192 through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) to make the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau ( PAWB ) in 1987. The Bureau’s duties are: to set up and pull off the country’s Integrated Protected Area System ( IPAS ) ; to explicate policies of the saving of biological diverseness ; and to function as the direction authorization in the enforcement of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild zoologies and vegetations ( CITES ) . PAWB has 4 divisions: Biodiversity direction. Natural diversion and extension. protected countries committee. and Wildlife resources. DENR in 1989 established the sustainable development construct as its cardinal guiding rule. The section besides formulated the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development ( PSSD ) that incorporated the construct of the Triple Bottom Lines ( i. e. economic viability. ecological sustainability and societal duty ) as its cardinal them Related Surveies Harmonizing to Ceferino P. MAALA a visiting professor in Hiroshima University-Japan. the Philippine is high on the list of precedence states in the universe for wildlife preservation because of its singular biological diverseness. big figure of endemic animate being and works species. unequal wildlife protection steps. and high rate of deforestation What are endangered species? Harmonizing to the definition given by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) . endangered species are workss or animate beings that are being threatened with extinction due to inordinate hunting and big scale devastation of their home ground. Conservationists all over the universe are alarmed by the 1996 Report of the International Union for IUCN intertwining that the figure of critically endangered mammals in the universe has increased significantly from 169-180. Primatess from 13-19. fresh H2O polo-necks from 10-24. and birds from 168-182. Of the list for endan gered mammalian species. nine are endemic to the Philippine islands. These are the Golden crowned winging fox. Negros naked-backed fruit chiropteran. Philippine tube-nosed fruit chiropteran. Panay bushy-tailed cloud rat. Ilin hairy-tailed cloud rat. Visayan warty hog. Calamian pig cervid. Visayan spotted cervid. and tamaraw. Among the critically endangered avian species in the study is the Filipino bird of Jove. Although no endangered Marine mammals were mentioned in the study. whale sharks are fast vanishing from Philippine Waterss ( Esplanada. 2000 ) . For illustration. the Rhicodon typus ( besides known as chucking patola in Zambales. toko in Mindoro. balilan in Cebu and Bohol and butanding in Bicol and Palawan ) . which on a regular basis visits the Waterss of Donsol. Sorsogon ( located at the tip of Bicol Peninsula ) from November to May are seldom sighted in Filipino Waterss now. These soft. polka dotted whale sharks are widely hunted by local fishermen for its meat and fives. which are reported to command a high monetary value abroad. To forestall the Richodon typus from wholly vanishing from the Filipino Waterss. the Filipino authorities in 1998 declared the giant shark endangered ; therefore. censoring poaching and exportation of its 2 Ceferino P. MAALAmeat. which is a daintiness in some Asiatic states. Other non-governmental preservation groups such as the World Wildlife Fund Philippines ( Kabang Kalikasan ng Pilipinas ) and big concern pudding stones like Nokia Philippines. Megaworld Corporation and International Container Terminal Services Incorporated have supported the government’s run to protect the giant shark. The Filipino Daily Inquirer a taking Filipino newspaper besides supports the save the giant shark run. Other endangered Filipino species are the Hawksbill polo-neck ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) . Olive Ridley polo-neck ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) . Leatherback polo-neck ( Dermochyles coriacea ) . Philippine crocodile besides known as Philippine fresh water crocodile and Mindoro crocodile ( Croco dylus mindorensis ) . Indo-Pacific crocodile or salt H2O crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) . Mindoro shed blooding bosom ( Gallicolumba platenae ) . Mindoro shed blooding bosom ( Ducula mindorensis ) . lesser bird of Jove bird of Minerva ( Mimizuki gurneyi ) . Filipino bird of Jove bird of Minerva ( Bubo philippensis ) . silvery kingfisher ( Alcedo argentata ) . Mindoro hornbill ( Penelopides mindorensis ) . heavenly sovereign ( Hypothymis coelestis ) and Isabela oriole ( Oriolus isabellae ) . The Philippines – Japan Crocodile Farming Institute ( CFI ) based in Palawan Island has successfully bred the Crocodylus mindorensis in imprisonment. Merely the endangered terrestial mammals ( cloud rats. fruit chiropterans. cervids. wild hog and tamaraw ) and the Philippine bird of Jove will be described in this paper There are many organisations in the Philippines that are implementing assorted ways to protect and conserve our endangered wildlife. They are guaranting the wellness and endurance of the home grounds. workss and animate beings. conserving natural countries. protecting critical ecosystem services and supplying communities with economically sustainable options to forest devastation. Through these organisations. they assess forestry and agricultural concerns to guarantee that they are following with different environmental criterions. which include decently caring for H2O and dirt. supervising wildlife populations. protecting migratory tracts and forbiding the hunting and trafficking of wild animate beings. Organizations help communities set up and back up touristry concerns as an option to deforestation. Therefore. the different organisations for wildlife take an attempts and takes active portion in organizing to protect the wildlife. Chapter ThreeResearch Design and Methodology This chapter discusses the research design and methodological analysis of the survey. It shows how the procedural operation of the research job of this survey. Research Design This survey utilized the experimental research design. An experimental research is a type of co relational research in which a research worker observes ongoing behavior. Through this research design. this survey will depict the effectivity of different protective attempts of the DENR-PAWB in protecting the Filipino wildlife. Beginnings of Datas The survey has two beginnings of informations. viz. ; primary and secondary beginnings. The primary beginnings of informations are through from shoping the cyberspace. The secondary beginnings of informations include the information gathered from the interviews. Instrumentality and Validation This research used informations procured from the interviews we conducted to the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau ( PAWB ) and inside informations stated at the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. Data Gathering Procedure The research workers sought the permission to interview the two different organisations who protect the endangered wildlife in the Philippines to secure informations as respects to the effectual attempts to protect wildlife. Chapter FourPresentation. Analysis. andPresentation of Datas This chapter presents the analysis and reading of the informations gathered in this survey. Here are some information gathered from the inquiries that the researches made and answered by the respondents. 1. The primary ground of holding wildlife in the state is for ecological balance and it is besides to keep the nutrient web. Food web diagrams the interaction of multiple nutrient ironss within a certain ecosystem. demoing the common dependence of species and the natural balance of home grounds that sustain carnal and works life. 2. Because of harmful human activities. urbanisation and clime alteration. some of the species in the state becomes threatened. Another ground is because of the Invasive Alien Species. These alien species are workss. animate beings or micro-organisms that have been introduced outside their natural distribution country. When IAS enters new home grounds. the deficiency of marauders and their ability to vie with native species over the bing nutrient supply can let them to rule the local ecosystem. Local species can really go a nutrient beginning of the IAS. and drive the former to extinction. 3. The of import ground of protecting the wildlife is to salvage its little population and to salvage them from extinction. 4. Some threatened species are can be found in some of the states in Visayas and in the part of MIMAROPA such as Negros. Panay. Leyte. Mindoro and Palawan. 5. There were merely approximately one to two animate beings that are being rescued every twenty-four hours. These animate beings are non truly endangered. Normally. animate beings like serpents. polo-necks and monkeys are being turned over by those who don’t cognize how to manage these animate beings. 6. There’s a circumstance that the savior are being harmed by the animate beings that they’re delivering. Particularly when those animate beings are non used to human activity. Accidents are inevitable in delivering wildlife animate being. 7. There are different ways on how modern engineering helps these organisations to protect the wildlife easier. The Geographic Information System ( GIS ) engineering is an effectual tool for pull offing. analysing. and mapping wildlife informations such as population size and distribution. home ground usage and penchant. alterations in home grounds. and regional biodiversity. GIS offers an indispensable agencies of tracking threatened animate beings to assist forestall farther injury or even extinction. In the other manus. the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) device will usually enter and hive away location informations at a pre-determined interval or on interrupt by an environmental detector. These informations may be stored pending recovery of the device or relayed to a cardinal informations shop or internet-connected computing machine utilizing an embedded cellular ( GPRS ) . wireless. or satellite modem. The animal’s location can so be plotted against a map or chart in close real-time or. when analyzing the path subsequently. utilizing a GIS bundle or usage package. But they don’t have adequate figure of these devices because these devices cost excessively much expensive. It can be afford if there were patrons that are willing to assist financially. 8. Medical wellness programs are provided for all the animate beings. Quarantine trials and one-year wellness appraisal are besides given for all the animate beings that they are taking attention of. 9. They merely provide a impermanent shelter. Their chief aim is to rehabilitate the rescued animate beings and they will convey them back to their natural home ground. 10. There are many regional deliverance centres all over the state. It is required to hold at least one deliverance center/sanctuary for the animate beings every part. Harmonizing to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. the Filipino vegetation has 101 critically endangered species. 193 endangered species and 240 vulnerable species. In the other manus. the Filipino zoology has 299 occupant species. 203 migratory species. 421 endemic species. 22 autochthonal species. and 7 freshly introduced species. Chapter FiveSummary of Findings. Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter presents the sum-up of findings. decisions and recommendations of the survey. This survey determined the effectivity of the different attempts exerted by the DENR in protecting and conserving the country’s wildlife. This sought to reply the undermentioned sub-problems. What is the entire figure of threatened species in the state as of twelvemonth 2011? What are the factors that the organisation does in conserving wildlife? I. Drumhead In malice of those harmful activities by worlds. different organisations strive difficult to protect and take attention of the wildlife. There are bit by bit of animate beings are being rescued a twenty-four hours. Defenders of the wildlife are sometimes put in danger like being harmed by the animate beings that they are seeking to deliver. The DENR- Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau Rescue Center is established as a impermanent shelter for donated. rescued. abandoned and confiscated endemic. autochthonal and alien wildlife from Metro Manila and nearby states. All wild animate beings brought into the centre undergo the necessary wellness quarantine and rehabilitation period. Endemic and autochthonal wild animate beings found physically fit are finally released back into their natural home ground following standard protocol. Those unfit persons every bit good as exotics are displayed in the Mini-zoo to advance public consciousness. grasp and support to the preservation of the countr y’s wildlife resources and their home grounds. The centre is besides a beginning of show animate beings for legitimate zoological Parkss and research specimens for academic and scientific establishments. It is besides a life research lab for veterinary and biology pupils and wildlife partisans. Nowadays. modern engineering plays a large function in our day-to-day lives to do our occupation easy. There are some devices that are being used by the DENR to track and observe the threatened animate beings. Unfortunately these devices are dearly-won that can’t afford and can’t operate continuously. In malice of that. the organisations are seeking to convey back the rescued animate beings to their home grounds and besides. they provide the full medical wellness program that the animate beings needed. The medical wellness program depends if the animate being is enduring from an unwellness or has been into a risky accident. They provide deliverance Centres all over the state who take impermanent detention and attention of all confiscated. abandoned and donated wildlife to guarantee their public assistance and wellbeing. DENR implemented regulations and ordinances on conserving the country’s wildlife resource and their home grounds for sustainability. It is entitled â€Å"The Wildlife Act: RA No. 9147† . In general. the DENR-PAWB is the primary authorities bureau responsible for tellurian wildlife protection. They aim to conserve and protect wildlife species and their home grounds to advance ecological balance and heighten biological diverseness. II. Decisions From the analysis. readings and deductions of the findings of the survey. the undermentioned decisions were drawn: 1. Unless the extinction doesn’t occur. the attempts exerted by the organisations are still effectual. 2. There were many different organisations. different in aims and attempts. But still they are endeavoring for one end. to take good attention. protect and continue the natural resources that our country’s can be proud of. 3. Protecting wildlife is to embrace workss and animate beings. Protecting wildlife will besides protect the home grounds and hence aid keep ecological balance III. Recommendations In the visible radiation of the findings and decisions. the following are offered as recommendations for possible action: 1. The authorities should develop and heighten the Torahs refering the protection of country’s natural resources. 2. Increased support from province and cardinal authorities bureaus for the preservation of natural resources. 3. Proper planning of land and H2O use should be done to guarantee the protection of wildlife in their natural home grounds or in the manmade home grounds such as menagerie and botanical gardens.

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Impact of Divorce on Children | Essay

Impact of Divorce on Children | Essay The increase in the rate of divorce may be the most dramatic change in family life and divorce is being more and more common in the modern society. Demographers suggest that about 50% of first marriages would be voluntarily dissolved in recent years (Cherlin, 1992). Compared with statistics in the middle of 19th century which only 5% of first marriages ended in divorce (Preston McDonald, 1979), the number is shocking. Moreover, slightly more than half of all divorces involve children and adolescences aged below 18. More than one million children experience parental divorce every year (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1998, Table 160), and Bumpass (1990) suggested that about 40% of all children will experience parental divorce before reaching adulthood. The statistics and experts opinions demonstrate the trend of increasing divorce rate, and thus there are more and more children experiencing parental divorce. In response to this, the essay is going to focus on the impact of parental divorc e in different aspects if the event happens at the time when the children are in their adolescence and young adulthood. After that, the essay will discuss the impact on them when they grow up into young adults. With the increasing rate of divorce, parental divorce happening at the time when children are in their adolescence and young adulthood is more commonplace. The parental divorce may affect the children in different aspects. The impact may also be widespread. A 25-year study of 60 post-divorce families with 131 children was conducted by psychologist Judith Wallerstein. Wallerstein (2001) finds out that the immediate effects of divorce on children may be different according to their gender, age and developmental stage. For adolescents which are one of the focuses of this essay, they will suffer depression. They will also have suicidal thoughts and express anxiety about having successful marriages. Sandford(2008) also suggests that some findings in 1990s indicated that children of divorce have lower academic achievement. They may also have some behavioral, psychological, relationship or even health problems. Researches done over the past years have consistently shown that divorce has a negative impact on the academic achievement of children of divorce. (Wallerstein, Corbin, Lewis, 1988; Popenoe, 1993). They are more likely to have low grades and score lower on academic tests. They also have lower educational aspirations and are two to three times more likely to be dropped out of school. The impact may continue to their adulthood and lower their social competence as they just achieve lower levels of education and thus lower occupational status. Thus, their income is usually less. Adolescents experiencing parental divorce may also have different psychological problems. According to Wallerstein (2001), the level of depression and anxiety is higher in children of divorce. Their self esteem is also lower and they experience more often use of psychological services. It is found that girls from divorced families are much more depressed than girls from intact families in some cases. For boys, they are more hopeless and discouraged when there are more family distresses. It should be noted that some differences in psychological well-being may due to financial disadvantages. Compared with peers from married families, children of divorce may have a lower standard of living. It is due to two reasons. Firstly, living standard of women usually decline more than mens after divorce (Ross, 1995). Secondly, most children live with their mothers after divorce (Smyth, Sheenhan and Felberg, 2001). Thus they usually live with a lower family income. They will probably move to new r esidences and to poor neighborhoods. Because of the difficult economic conditions, they would have another form of loss and become more depress. Children of divorce are also prone to different behavioral problems. They may have disorders in conduct, difficulty with authorities and behaviors that are antisocial (Hetherington and Kelly, 2002). Compared with children from intact families, they are also two to three times more probably to engage in adolescent delinquency and the conduct problems are more common among boys than in girls. Jeynes (2001) also suggests that adolescent from divorced families have alcohol more often and in larger quantities. They are also more likely to take drugs, have pre-marital sex, end up in prison and commit murder, etc. Apart from psychological and behavioral problems, relationship problems are common among children from divorced families. Sandford (2008) suggests that female adolescents that have experienced parental divorce are more likely to have earlier sexual activities and have more sexual partners than those without experience in parental divorce during their high school years. He also points out that they begin their menstruation earlier. And it seems to be some relationships between early menstruation and early sexual intercourse. It is suggested that the girls having earlier sexual activity have poor self-regulatory skills. It might be attributed to the avoidance of teaching the skills needed to gain self-control in divorced families. Moreover, it might be due to disengagement between these children and their parents at a younger age. Thus their relationship is not as good as that in intact family. Divorced childrens relationship with parents is also weaker (Sandford, 2008). According to research done by Hetherington and Kelly (2002), similar proportion of children from divorced families and from intact families feel close to their mothers (70% vs. 80%). However, only less than one-third of children report such closeness with their father while 70% of children with married parents report these feelings. The findings coincide with other researches that there are high proportion of disengaged or totally absent fathers following divorces. It is the conflicts between the ex-spouses and custody arrangements that cause fathers to feel disengaged from their children. Avoidance of child support payments is also a reason for the fathers to stay away from their children. Because of the above reasons, adolescents from divorced families view their father to be less caring. Marital instability is also another relationship faced by children from divorced families when they grow up and it wil l be discussed later in the essay. Although research found quite a lot of negative impacts on adolescents when they face parental divorce, positive consequences are also possible. A study by Arditti (1999) suggests that the children from divorced families, especially daughters, develop very close relationships with their custodial mother. It may be due to the extra care given by the custodial mothers as their fathers are disengaged from the families. The impact of divorce on children may not be short term. It is possible that divorce will affect the children in different aspects even when they grow up into young adults. Several impacts are confirmed by Amato (2000) that they are consistent with prior research. Firstly, children with divorced parents are more likely to experience psychological problems in adulthood. Secondly, they have more problems in forming and maintaining stable intimate relationships with their partners. Thirdly, they have weaker ties to their parents when they grow up into young adults.   Amato (2000) suggests that divorce is undoubtedly â€Å"a risk factor for psychological problems during childhood and into adulthood†. It is agreed that there is a tendency of adults having parental divorce experience less satisfaction with their lives, higher rates of depression and lower self-esteem. Wallerstein, Lewis and Blakeslee (2001) findings also point out that about one third of the children had serious psychological problems such as clinical depression, poor performance in school or difficulty in maintaining friendships. Moreover, their 25-year in depth study also suggests that even 25 years after the divorce, the children (now adults) â€Å"still recalled the shock, unhappiness, loneliness, bewilderment and anger†. Higher level of depression has also been found to continue in adulthood. Both men and women report comparatively worse of psychological well-being. Although Amato (2000) argues that the adults who experienced parental divorce and are suffering fro m serious psychological problems are not as many as one third of them, the effects of divorce would probably persist into adulthood. Weaker ties to their parents is another impact when children grown up into young adults. Weisberg and Appleton (2003) describe a survey carried out by a sociologist. 1500 adults who had experienced a divorce before the age of 14 and a comparison group of children from intact family were surveyed. It was found that children of divorce (now adults) felt they were outsiders in their own home. They also had frequent feelings of being alone and were less likely to seek comfort from their parents. The weak ties to their parents usually persist into their adulthood. Another research done by Hetherington and Kelly (2002) also found that less than one-third of children of divorce report close feelings to their fathers. And even when they grow up into adult, they doubt whether their fathers care or love them. It is also suggested that children with parental divorce would have more problems in forming and maintaining stable intimate relationships with their partners (Amato, 2000). According to Hetherington and Kelly (2002), children of divorce are more likely than children of intact families to have marital instability and lower marital satisfaction. They generally have more thoughts about divorce and the divorce rates among children of divorce are also a bit higher when they grow up into adults. The phenomenon may be explained by the wariness to commit to a relationship, perceiving divorce as an alternative for unhappy marriages. Moreover, a contentious family life may result in generally weaker relationship skills. Weisberg and Appleton (2003) also stated that a lot of studies have shown that parental divorce is a risk factor for other problems in adulthood. The problems include low socioeconomic attainment, poor subjective wellbeing, increased marital problems, and a greater likelihood of seeing ones own marriages end in divorce (Amato, 1999). It might be hard to understand why the problems persist into adulthood. Weisberg and Appleton (2003) suggested that parental divorce may lead to financial crisis. The original plans to attend college may be abandoned, thus resulting in lower occupational attainment and wages throughout adulthood. For children who were exposed to poor parental models of interpersonal behavior, they might have difficulty when wanting to form stable, satisfying and intimate relationship as young adults. The above considerations suggest that it may be possible that some children show improvement soon after parental divorce in terms of behavior or relationship, however, some effects might only appear when the children reach young adulthood. Although the essay focuses on the impact of parental divorce on children, it is also important to note some of the methods that the children can adopt in order to adjust to divorce and minimize the negative impacts brought. Kelly (2003) suggests that conflicts between parents should be diminished. Competent residential parenting such as warmth and emotional support and adequate monitoring to the children is also needed. The non-residential parents also have a role. They should offer stable financial support to the divorced family. Regular contacts with the children and involvement in issues related to their children should also be carried out in order to help with childrens adjustment to divorce. It is the effort made by the parents that can minimized the impacts mentioned above. As discussed above, it is shown that parental divorce is an upsetting and disruptive event in the lives of the children. Although some scholars argue that children can develop successfully in a variety of family structures and view divorce as an escape from a dysfunctional home environment, more evidences and findings suggest that having experience of parental divorce may cause different problems such as psychological, emotional, behavioral and social problems. The children in divorced families may also deal with relationships in a disturbed manner. The effect may not be short term and can extent to adulthood in some cases. There may be intergenerational transmission of divorce and the adults may have difficulties in dealing with intimate relationship. The marriages of the adults with parental divorce experience would also be affected. It is arguable that not all children from divorced families suffer from these problems. And there are a lot of factors affect the impacts of parental divorce on children or the recovery process such as access to parents or parental support. Sex difference, the family structure or the relationship with parents may also be some of the factors. Although many factors should be considered, some negative impacts are proved that they would happen more frequently among children with parental divorce. And we should understand the impacts in order to find measures that can help the children adjust to divorce.

Cloning :: essays research papers

Millions of people. They all look alike, think alike, and dress alike. Sounds like something out of a sci-fi novel, right? Well, with cloning it’s possible, maybe. They will look alike, but that’s about it. Cloning will help the world, not make it the same. Three pros to cloning are that cloning may hold the secret to eternal youth, the research of genes has changed the thinking of scientists, and that parents would be able to have a child who looks exactly like a model, movie star, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, cloning could lead to the discovery of the secret to eternal youth. If anyone had a chance to live forever, they would take it. If anyone could have a child who could live forever, they would do it. Cloning may be the answer to eternal youth. â€Å"He said the creation of transgenetic animals could be an important tool in ... ultimately stopping -- the aging process.† Becoming immortal is not the only plus to cloning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, the research of cloning has helped scientists become aware of the way genes operate. With continuous research into the ways of cloning scientists could come to understand the ways cells and genes work. As the information grows we will be able to get rid of genetic diseases and defects. â€Å"As geneticists have come to understand the ways in which genes operate, they have also become aware of the myriad ways in which the environment affects their ‘expression.’† In the future people will be able to decide what their child will look like and what kind of base intelligence the child will have, but they will not be able to decide the child’s fate. For the people who want to control what their children will look like, there is the possibility of cloning a famous person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, parents will be able to clone a model’s appearance so that their child looks exactly like the person. This would get rid of a feeling of not being beautiful and would allow people to worry about more important things than what other people think a bout them. â€Å"Suppose a couple wants a ‘designer child’ - a clone of Cindy Crawford or Elizabeth Taylor -- because they want a daughter who will grow up to be as attractive as those women.† This would be possible because of the fact that the child would not think or act like the person they were cloned from, they would only look the same.

Communication via SMS:

The British Journal of Social Psychology published an article in 2007 entitled â€Å"Interacting via SMS: Practices of social closeness and reciprocation†.This paper deals with the sequential structure of communication via short message service (SMS), also known as text messaging, among adults and young adults, aged 25-35 and 50-65.   A collection of 173 SMS exchanges for personal communication, spontaneously composed by participants, was gathered.   Each exchange was photographed from the display of the participant's mobile phone and then analyzed with the approach of conversation analysis.A questionnaire was also administered during the collection procedure. The analysis of the practices organizing the action sequence reveals that exchanges frequently lack openings and closures, show an effort towards reciprocation and use implicit or anticipated actions. Social presence seems then characterized by a sense of constant availability, symmetric commitment and shared underst anding.The article concluded that the sequential structure of mediated communication may give insightful details on the nature of the social presence thereby constituted and may provide a criterion to compare different communication modes (2007).   This paper will attempt to analyze the strength of the evidence presented in this article.Communication via SMS: An Article ReviewThe article entitled â€Å"Interacting via SMS: Practices of social closeness and reciprocation†argues that SMS has developed into a recognizable social place, with its own practices and affordances for establishing social presence and that it is characterized by â€Å"persistency, reciprocation and familiarity† (Spagnolli, 2007).They also found, through conversation analysis that SMS communication is designed around the turn, with very frequent multiple-action turns. The first question one may consider when presented with this article is was this research necessary?   Although not quite neces sary, this research does provide some interesting insights into the ever more popular communication method of text messaging.This research was in supplement to previous research on the same subject.   Some practices of SMS usage are already known, as ethnographic and linguistics studies have been carried out on teenage users.   Some researchers have investigated the communicative setting and its social norms (Grinter & Elridge, 2003).They show that SMS exchanges can be initiated in situations where other modes are forbidden, such as in class or at night, and that their intersection with other activities requires practices of participation management and context messages (Thurlow, 2003).In particular, a group of researchers has collected large numbers of messages and illustrated how SMS writers make the most out of a limited set of the available alpha-numeric characters well beyond the mere use of ‘emoticons’ whose actual rate is often quite low (Ling, 2005).The func tions and topics of an SMS exchange have been categorized and their communicative style identified as a peculiar mixture of morality and writing, spontaneity and care, supporting strategies of self-presentation and linguistic play (Ling, 2005).However, the kind of practice that has been less considered, if at all, is the one responsible for inner structure of an SMS exchange.   That is where this research comes into play.   Since a communicative exchange is a form of interaction conducted through discourse, these practices can reveal important aspects of the social presence created (Spagnolli, 2007).The goal of the research behind this article was to â€Å"investigate the interactional and pragmatic resources that five cohesion to a series of otherwise discrete contributions, and by allowing the sequential organization of these exchanges, create the coordinates along which the encounter is organized† (Spagnolli, 2007).   In contrast to other studies on SMS, which have c onsidered individual messages, this study analyzed each message with reference to the previous and subsequent one in sequence.   It was the exchange of messages that was most important to these researchers.   Another point of originality of this study also relies on the kind of participants involved.   Prior, SMS literature focused on teenagers, who could be considered as ‘core’ users.However, if using this medium is participating in a social place as is argued, then even peripheral users like adults should follow shared practices instead of totally idiosyncratic ones.   Therefore, the researchers chose to study young adults and adults.Next, it is important to determine whether the methods the authors implemented for their research were the proper method and whether they were effective.   According to the authors, given the need for exploring a poorly covered phenom, i.e. SMS exchanges between adults, they looked for natural data, while at the same time, tryin g to collect a fair number of exchanges (Spagnolli, 2007).According to the authors, diaries would have offered a richer, contextualization of the exchanges collected, but they could have also decreased spontaneity during the message exchange and required a more limited number of participants with a longer commitment with the research (Spagnolli, 2007).   Therefore the authors chose to collect 180 exchanges using the following system.They asked people for one series of sent and received messages still present in the memory of their cell phone, regardless of who initiated the exchange, but with the requirement that the series be complete with all messages exchanges (Spagnolli, 2007).   In this way, messages were not composed for the sake of research and the length of the exchanges were naturally defined.   This was very intuitive on the part of the authors as the data they collected was natural and not skewed because of the research method.

Freedom of the Press Versus Right to Privacy

Privacy has become a big issue in contemporary jurisprudence. The â€Å"right to privacy† is enshrined in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, and guaranteed by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. But Article 8 is balanced by Article 10, which guarantees â€Å"free expression of opinion†. So what right has priority when they conflict? Under what circumstances, for example, is it right to curtail press freedom in order to protect the right to privacy, or vice versa? The same balance is being sought between the right of citizens to data privacy and government demands for access to personal information to fight crime, terrorism, and so on. Freedom of speech is a fundamental democratic liberty. It is a necessary protection against abuses of power and cover-ups of wrongdoing by public officials. It was never more effectively displayed than in the Watergate investigation, which brought down Richard Nixon in 1974. But one can have too much press freedom. Over the years, the tabloid press has become increasingly intrusive, claiming the right not just to expose corruption and incompetence in high places, but to titillate readers with scandalous revelations about the private lives of the famous. What started off as entertaining gossip about royalty and film stars has burgeoned into a massive assault on privacy, with newspapers claiming that any attempt to keep them out of the bedroom is an assault on free speech. The issue has just been tested in Britain's High Court. In March, Britain's leading scandal sheet, The News of the World, published an â€Å"exclusive† front page story, under the headline â€Å"F1 Boss Has Sick Nazi Orgy With 5 Hookers†. It told how Max Mosley, President of the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA, the body that oversees world motoring and racing) and son of the former British fascist leader, Sir Oswald Mosley, had, two days earlier, taken part in a sadomasochistic â€Å"orgy† with a â€Å"Nazi theme† in a private apartment in London. The story was accompanied by photographs taken clandestinely by one of the women in cooperation with the News of the World, which readers were invited to download from the paper's website. Max Mosley admitted participating in this (not illegal) happening, but sued the News of the World for breach of privacy; the newspaper argued that it was in the â€Å"public interest† that Mosley's sexual activities be disclosed. The presiding judge, Justice Eady, rejected the newspaper's defense, and awarded Max Mosley 60,000 English pounds ($115,000) compensation for the invasion of his privacy, the highest damages so far given for a complaint brought under Article 8. There is a curious aspect to Eady's judgment. He rejected the News of the World's â€Å"public interest† defense, because he found no evidence that the sadomasochistic party had a â€Å"Nazi theme†. This implies that had there been a Nazi theme, it could have been legitimate to publish it, given Mosley's position as FIA president. But surely the particular nature of Mosley's private fantasies is irrelevant to the case. It is hard to see why I am less entitled to privacy because I am turned on by a Nazi uniform than I would be if I were excited by a pair of knickers. What Eady's judgment did accomplish was to highlight the crucial distinction, necessary for all clear thinking about privacy, between what interests the public and what is in the public interest. So how can this distinction be made effective? France has a privacy law that explicitly defines both the scope of privacy and the circumstances in which the law applies. By contrast, in Britain it is left to judges to decide what the â€Å"right to privacy† means. There is a natural fear that specific legislation designed to protect privacy would muzzle legitimate press inquiries. At the same time, it is widely acknowledged (except by most editors and journalists) that a great deal of media intrusion is simply an abuse of press freedom, with the sole aim of boosting circulation by feeding public prurience. A law that curtails the abuse of press power while protecting its freedom to expose the abuse of political power would be difficult, but not impossible, to frame. The essential principle is that the media should not be allowed to pander to the public's prurience under cover of protecting the public interest. What famous people – indeed ordinary people, too – do in private should be off limits to the media unless they give permission for those activities to be reported, photographed, or filmed. The only exceptions would be if a newspaper has reasonable grounds for believing that the individuals concerned are breaking the law, or that, even if they are not breaking the law, they are behaving in such a way as to render them unfit to perform the duties expected of them. Thus, a pop star's consumption of illegal drugs may be reported, but not his or her sexual habits (if they are legal). The private life of a politician may be revealed if it is expected to have consequences for the way the country is being governed; that of a top executive of a public company if it may affect the returns to shareholders. This should be the only â€Å"public interest† defense available to a media outlet that is sued for invasion of privacy. The media might become a bit drearier, but public life would be far healthier. The author is a professor emeritus of political economy at Warwick University

Free Essays on Outrageous By Charles Barkley

Outrageous By: Charles Barkley I. Introduction The book on humor that I chose to review is Outrageous, by former National Basketball Association superstar Charles Barkley. This book is a collection of brutally honest and hilarious stories about growing up poor in Alabama, going to the University of Auburn, and his life in the NBA. This book was written in 1994 when Barkley was in the prime of his basketball career with the Philadelphia 76’ers. More recently he has went on to become an anchor for TNT’s NBA tonight and carries on his legacy of telling things the way they are. Barkley uses humor to tell stories about the struggles of being famous, being a rich, black man, and having constant media attention on yourself and your family. In the introduction he apologizes to anyone who he chastises in the book, but goes on to say it was only because he doesn’t like you or you did something to piss him off. I really think that in writing Outrageous, Barkley was successful in dispelling the rumor that athletes are â€Å"dumb jok! es,† and with his wit, charm, and outlandish comparisons Barkley proves that he is both hilarious and scholarly. Finally, Barkley does a good job of taking time out to write about things that he feels are important social issues such as racism in America, spousal abuse, poverty in America, and people being treated fairly despite wealth or social influences. II. Types of Humor The way â€Å"Sir Charles† is able to get his humor across is by explaining his stories about the road and his life in basketball in a totally candid and down to earth manner. Barkley makes the reader feel as if he could have been on the plane or in the hotel or the locker room and seen the things of which he writes about. Some of the funniest stories are about other NBA players that he thought were either overpaid, *censored*s, or terrible basketball players. In many ways he is what Fischer and Fischer would call ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Outrageous By Charles Barkley Free Essays on Outrageous By Charles Barkley Outrageous By: Charles Barkley I. Introduction The book on humor that I chose to review is Outrageous, by former National Basketball Association superstar Charles Barkley. This book is a collection of brutally honest and hilarious stories about growing up poor in Alabama, going to the University of Auburn, and his life in the NBA. This book was written in 1994 when Barkley was in the prime of his basketball career with the Philadelphia 76’ers. More recently he has went on to become an anchor for TNT’s NBA tonight and carries on his legacy of telling things the way they are. Barkley uses humor to tell stories about the struggles of being famous, being a rich, black man, and having constant media attention on yourself and your family. In the introduction he apologizes to anyone who he chastises in the book, but goes on to say it was only because he doesn’t like you or you did something to piss him off. I really think that in writing Outrageous, Barkley was successful in dispelling the rumor that athletes are â€Å"dumb jok! es,† and with his wit, charm, and outlandish comparisons Barkley proves that he is both hilarious and scholarly. Finally, Barkley does a good job of taking time out to write about things that he feels are important social issues such as racism in America, spousal abuse, poverty in America, and people being treated fairly despite wealth or social influences. II. Types of Humor The way â€Å"Sir Charles† is able to get his humor across is by explaining his stories about the road and his life in basketball in a totally candid and down to earth manner. Barkley makes the reader feel as if he could have been on the plane or in the hotel or the locker room and seen the things of which he writes about. Some of the funniest stories are about other NBA players that he thought were either overpaid, *censored*s, or terrible basketball players. In many ways he is what Fischer and Fischer would call ï ¿ ½...

Ajay Bam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ajay Bam - Essay Example (MacGregor, 2001) He wanted an MBA so he enrolled at Babson. He had a vision to put-up Vayusa so he set out to find people who could help him and sources of funds for his venture. Amazingly, he was able to juggle setting up Vayusa while completing his MBA degree. Lastly, Ajay was enthusiastic about the business he wanted to set-up because he had personal experience of what it was like not to have Vayusa. He knew the convenience it was going to bring to both consumers and merchants. This enthusiasm was a key in acquiring the people and funding he needed. This resulted to his diligence and persistence in meeting people and following-up tasks. A rocket pitch is a 3-minute presentation, usually via 3 Powerpoint slides, of several entrepreneurs’ business plans to a large audience made up of, among others, investors and service providers. (BABSON, 2012) Ajay’s pitch was sound. Vayusa had more than what competitors individually offered. However, a potential investor would have a few concerns such as stability and long-term security against fraud. Indeed, Vayusa may offer more than the other loyalty programs and wireless payment companies. Nevertheless, combining both in a mobile application which is Vayusa is the first of its kind. There is no current measure if this kind of business will be successful. Moreover, in a world where computer hacking is very common, there is no existing proof that the Vayusa system is not â€Å"hackable†. In addition, there is the concern of probable mobile charges in the future for using the Vayusa application. If the business does become successful, consumers will be using their mobile phone services more. Still, given the benefits of Vayusa and the fact that it could be the first successful business of its kind, it would be a good investment. As of now, Ajay has a prototype and a team composed of himself, the driven leader, and experts from companies such as NYNEX, Citibank, GenRed

Pros and Cons of Private Schooling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pros and Cons of Private Schooling - Essay Example This paper analyzes the pros and cons of private schooling as explained in four articles, links to which are given in the references section. Private schools have conventionally played a very important role in promoting and strengthening UK’s economy despite being lesser in number as compared to the public schools. There is a lot of evidence to suggest that individuals educated in private schools gain a lot of economic advantages in their professional career. They get better jobs and are employed at higher salaries than the graduates of public schools, though there is little know-how about the way the social and economic influence of the private schooling has surfaced. In their paper, Green et al (2010) have provided empirical evidence for the degree of change experienced in the education differentials and school wages over the period of time. The reasons why pupils educated in private schools have more advantages than those educated in public schools include but are not limit ed to substantive increase in the number of resources, increased emphasis of the private schools upon the academic achievement of students through internal transformation, and increased fee amounts that parents do not have problem with paying given the widespread knowledge economy and increase in the number of women participating in the labor force. ... (Green et al, 2010). The authors conclude that half of the increase in salary differential between the graduates of private and public schools is because of the better qualifications of the former than the latter. Homeschool Academy (2007) discusses a number of advantages of the private schools. The academic performance of private school students is much better than that of the public school students. One of the several reasons behind this is increased parental involvement in the child education in private schools. Private schools are characterized by freedom from the constraints imposed by the government over public schools. Private schools are free to select core academic subjects for teaching. They do not have to bear the pressure of political advocacy groups while designing the curriculum for their students. Because of their increased freedom, private schools are better able to enforce discipline within the classroom as well as in the campus. They are greatly facilitated by the p arents of the students in implementing discipline in the schools because parents are as concerned about making the private school education a success as the school administrators and owners themselves are. However, private schools still have to overcome the challenges of age segregation in classrooms and the inflexibility of teachers with respect to their speed of teaching. NCSPE (n.d.) explains why private schools are so controversial. Private schools provide the families with a way to retreat from their responsibilities towards the society as citizens and also promote inequality. The fundamental cause of injustice is the use of public dollars by private schools that are potentially